Summary
The lower layer of the implant, made from the titanium alloy, acts as the load‑bearing fixture that integrates with the jawbone, while the upper layer of zirconium dioxide forms the crown that mimics natural tooth appearance.
Using spark plasma sintering, the two materials are fused together in one step, achieving a density of 99.5 % with no cracks or gaps at the interface.
Mechanical testing showed hardness and strength comparable to or better than current market implants, and laboratory cell tests confirmed the material is non‑toxic and does not damage red blood cells.
Because the design eliminates separate components, it could reduce the typical two‑ or three‑step surgical process to a single operation, making dental treatment faster and less uncomfortable.